• 4 R’s in revolutions
    • Rebellion: most of China is unaffected but major changes at the top, typically spurred by violence and extremely rapid
      • Akin to revolutions in Europe such as France and America, typically establishes a new dynasty
    • Revolution: change felt in all parts of society which usually involves violence, most famous cases are 1911 and 1949
      • Akin to the ideas of Marx and Engels in the upheaval of the class and political systems
    • Reform: gradual, nonviolent change that is not extreme
    • Restoration: return to how things used to be and usually non-violent, can either be slow or fast